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And by prostitution I mean not simply the act of a woman who sells for money, and against her thoughts and preferences, her smiles and endearments and the secret beauty and pleasure of her body, but the act of anyone who, to gain a living, suppresses himself, does things in a manner alien to himself and subserves aims and purposes with which he disagrees. The journalist who writes against his personal convictions, the solicitor who knowingly assists the schemes of rogues, the barrister who pits himself against what he perceives is justice and the right, the artist who does unbeautiful things or less beautiful things than he might, simply to please base employers, the craftsman who makes instruments for foolish uses or bad uses, the dealer who sells and pushes an article because it fits the customer's folly; all these are prostitutes of mind and soul if not of body, with no right to lift an eyebrow at the painted disasters of the streets.

"But the North-West Passage-that is to say, the direct communication by sea between the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans — was not then discovered?"

"Yes, some of them."

"Not much chance of that, miss. In my opinion that's the dog of someone who's died. He slipped his collar, probably, and went out to find him, got lost, and no one's cared enough to send here and see. Nice dog, too. You've got a bargain. I'm glad. I didn't like to think of that dog being put away; young dog, too."

'Let's go to Tokio and speak to the Emperor about it,' I said.

'Oh George' dived into the bar for a drink.

"Inasmuch as the house of a citizen of Perth was assaulted last night, being St. Valentine's Eve, by a sort of disorderly night walkers, belonging to some company of the strangers now resident in the Fair City; and whereas this hand was struck from one of the lawless limmers in the fray that ensued, the provost and magistrates have directed that it should be nailed to the Cross, in scorn and contempt of those by whom such brawl was occasioned. And if any one of knightly degree shall say that this our act is wrongfully done, I, Patrick Charteris of Kinfauns, knight, will justify this cartel in knightly weapons, within the barrace; or, if any one of meaner birth shall deny what is here said, he shall be met with by a citizen of the Fair City of Perth, according to his degree. And so God and St. John protect the Fair City! "

'Ah, Robarts, I'm delighted to see you,' said Mr Sowerby, when they met on the drawing-room rug before dinner. 'You know Harold Smith? Yes, of course you do. Well, who else is there? Oh! Supplehouse. Mr Supplehouse, allow me to introduce to you my friend Mr Robarts. It is he who will extract the five-pound note out of your pocket next Sunday for these poor Papuans whom we are going to Christianize. That is, if Harold Smith does not finish the work out of hand at his Sunday lecture. And, Robarts, you have seen the bishop, of course:' this he said in a whisper. 'A fine thing to be a bishop, isn't it? I wish I had half your chance. But, my dear fellow, I've made such a mistake. I haven't got a bachelor parson for Miss Proudie. You must help me out, and take her into dinner.' And then the great gong sounded, and off they went in pairs.

Who takes count of the prejudices which we absorb through the skin by way of our surroundings? It was not the spectacle that impressed me. The first thought that almost spoke itself aloud was: 'They are killing kine'; and it was a shock. The pigs were nobody's concern, but cattle — the brothers of the Cow, the Sacred Cow — were quite otherwise. The next time an M.P. tells me that India either Sultanises or Brahminises a man, I shall believe about half what he says. It is unpleasant to watch the slaughter of cattle when one has laughed at the notion for a few years. I could not see actually what was done in the first instance, because the row of stalls in which they lay was separated from me by fifty impassable feet of butchers and slung carcasses. All I know is that men swung open the doors of a stall as occasion required, and there lay two steers already stunned, and breathing heavily. These two they pole-axed, and half raising them by tackle they cut their throats. Two men skinned each carcass, somebody cut off the head, and in half a minute more the overhead rail carried two sides of beef to their appointed place. There was clamour enough in the operating-room, but from the waiting cattle, invisible on the other side of the line of pens, never a sound. They went to their death, trusting Judas, without a word. They were slain at the rate of five a minute, and if the pig men were spattered with blood, the cow butchers were bathed in it. The blood ran in muttering gutters. There was no place for hand or foot that was not coated with thicknesses of dried blood, and the stench of it in the nostrils bred fear.

"Don't be nervous," he said, "no doubt it's only the servant. I'll go."

'And why have you told her so? Why have you taken upon yourself to judge for me in such a matter, as though I were a child? Mother, you must unsay what you have said.' Lord Lufton, as he spoke, looked full into his mother's face; and he did so, not as though he were begging from her a favour, but issuing to her a command. She stood near him, with one hand on the breakfast-table, gazing at him almost furtively, not quite daring to meet the full view of his eye. There was only one thing on earth which Lady Lufton feared, and that was her son's displeasure. The sun of her earthly heaven shone upon her through the medium of his existence. If she were driven to quarrel with him, as some ladies of her acquaintance were driven to quarrel with their sons, the world for her would be over. Not but what facts might be so strong as to make it absolutely necessary that she should do this. As some people might resolve that, under certain circumstances, they will commit suicide, so she could see that, under certain circumstances, she must consent even to be separated from him. She would not do wrong,— not that which she knew to be wrong,— even for his sake. If it were necessary that all her happiness should collapse and be crushed in ruin around her, she must endure it, and wait God's time to relieve her from so dark a world. The light of the sun was very dear to her, but even that might be purchased at too dear a cost.

'Yes, I will read it to you,' said Philip, turning and leaning over the back of his chair with the letter in his hand.

Now this is true not only of quite empty terms but of terms that carry a meaning. It is a mental necessity that we should make classes and use general terms, and as soon as we do that we fall into immediate danger of unjustifiably increasing the intension of these terms. You will find a large proportion of human prejudice and misunderstanding arises from this universal proclivity.

'I must say Fanny has behaved excellently,' said Lady Lufton. 'It was just what might have been expected from her. And indeed,' she added, speaking in an embarrassed tone, 'so has Miss Robarts. Miss Robarts has remained at Hogglestock and nursed Mrs Crawley through the whole.'

A few moments sufficed to renew the atmosphere of the house, and all unhealthy vapours were quickly dispersed by the introduction of a pure and refreshing current of air.

'Bishop,' said the rather sharp voice; and the bishop trotted across the room to the back of the sofa, on which his wife was sitting. 'Miss Dunstable thinks that she will be able to come to us for a couple of days, after we leave the duke's.'

'But, Lucy, will you not read your letter? It is astonishing to me that you should be so indifferent about it.' Lucy was anything but indifferent, and now did proceed to tear the envelope. The note was very short, and ran in these words —

"Forget the prettiest wench in Scotland! No — any more than thou hast forgotten the hand that thou hadst in the Curfew Street onslaught on St. Valentine's Eve."

Canvas Fabric Treatments: Your Guide to Waterproofing, Selection, Application & Care

As your guide, I will explain effective canvas fabric treatments. Achieving reliable waterproofing depends on choosing the correct agent—like wax, silicone, or acrylics—matched to your specific canvas material and its function. This protection is fundamental for extending the life of canvas items exposed to weather, including applications like outdoor gear, protective covers (like boat covers), apparel, and awnings. The process requires meticulous application onto clean, dry fabric. Sufficient time for the treatment to cure fully is necessary for bonding. Maintaining the treated canvas involves regular cleaning and periodic reapplication. I will detail the required steps: selecting the appropriate canvas type, identifying the best waterproofing methods, executing the application steps correctly, and understanding long-term fabric care.

Key Takeaways:

• Identify your canvas type (cotton, synthetic, blend) to choose the best-suited treatment.
• Select a treatment (wax, silicone, acrylic, specialty) based on needed waterproofing level, breathability, UV resistance, and end-use.
• Clean canvas thoroughly and dry completely before any application.
• Apply treatments evenly following manufacturer guidance (spray, brush, rub-in).
• Allow the specified curing time in proper conditions for the treatment to bond effectively.
• Care for treated canvas with gentle cleaning, avoiding harsh detergents or machine washing unless specified.
• Reapply treatment when water stops beading effectively ('wetting out').
• Store items clean, dry, and loosely folded/rolled in a ventilated area.

Understanding Canvas Fabric Types for Effective Treatment Selection

Effective canvas waterproofing begins with the selection of a treatment compatible with your specific fabric. Knowing your canvas material is the first step, as different fibers and weaves interact distinctively with treatments. Canvas itself denotes a category of heavy-duty plain-woven fabrics. Historically made from cotton or hemp, modern canvas also incorporates synthetic fibers like polyester and acrylic, each influencing treatment choice.

Cotton Canvas (Duck, Plain Weave)

Cotton canvas is a fabric woven from natural cotton fibers. It is recognized for its strength and breathability but possesses high water absorption if untreated. Common types include cotton duck, a tightly woven, durable variant. Weights typically range from 10 oz/yd² (280 g/m²) up to 18 oz/yd² (510 g/m²) or more, with heavier weights indicating greater strength. Its natural composition makes untreated cotton canvas prone to mildew growth in damp environments. Cotton canvas readily absorbs treatments. Wax-based treatments penetrate deeply into the cotton fibers, providing traditional, robust waterproofing. Modern silicone and some acrylic formulations also offer effective protection while potentially maintaining more flexibility than heavy wax finishes. Cotton canvas differs from synthetic canvas in its high natural absorbency and susceptibility to biological growth like mildew.

Synthetic Canvas (Polyester, Acrylic)

Synthetic canvas includes fabrics woven from man-made fibers. Polyester canvas offers high strength, abrasion resistance, and lower water absorption compared to cotton. Solution-dyed acrylic canvas provides excellent UV resistance and colorfastness, making it common for awnings and marine applications. These materials possess inherent water resistance and dry quickly. They generally resist mildew and UV degradation better than untreated cotton. Treatments for synthetic canvas often enhance existing repellency and seal seams. Because synthetics are less absorbent, treatments like silicone-based sprays coat the fibers to increase surface tension, promoting water beading without saturating the material. Acrylic treatments can also form protective surface coatings. Unlike cotton's deep saturation with waxes, treatments on synthetics often focus on surface enhancement.

Blended Canvas (Poly-Cotton)

Blended canvas, frequently a mix of polyester and cotton (poly-cotton), combines attributes of both fiber types. These blends aim for the breathability and feel of cotton alongside the strength, water resistance, and mildew resistance of polyester. The performance characteristics depend on the blend ratio (e.g., 65% polyester / 35% cotton). Selecting a treatment for poly-cotton canvas requires considering this blend. Silicone treatments work well, providing water repellency often without impeding breathability. Wax treatments can be used, particularly on heavier blends for rugged applications, though they will affect the fabric's hand-feel and breathability. Acrylics are also an option, especially if UV resistance is a priority.

Selecting the Right Canvas Waterproofing Treatment

Several canvas waterproofing treatment types exist. Each possesses unique properties affecting performance, application, and suitability for different canvas types and uses. Your choice impacts water resistance, breathability, fabric feel, durability, and application ease. Examining these helps you make an informed decision for your canvas item.

Wax-Based Treatments

Wax-based treatments represent a traditional waterproofing method. They typically use natural waxes (beeswax, paraffin) or specialized synthetic wax blends, like those found in products historically used for heavy workwear. Wax treatments function by physically filling the fabric weave and coating the fibers. This action creates a robust physical barrier against water penetration. These treatments are highly effective for waterproofing, particularly on cotton canvas, and offer excellent durability. However, wax treatments usually darken fabric color, add stiffness or a waxy texture, and substantially reduce breathability. Application often requires warming the wax or fabric (e.g., using a hairdryer on a low setting after application) to enable penetration into the fibers. I find this method best suited for heavy cotton or poly-cotton items like rugged jackets, backpacks, and tool rolls where maximum water blockage is prioritized over air permeability. A waxed canvas jacket exemplifies this treatment's result.

Silicone-Based Treatments

Silicone-based treatments utilize silicone polymers. These polymers are suspended in a liquid carrier (solvent or water-based). Upon application and curing, the silicone modifies fiber surface tension chemically bonding to the fibers. This bonding process markedly increases the fabric's surface tension. This change causes water to bead up and roll off, preventing absorption. Examples include products marketed for tents and outdoor gear, such as formulations containing polydimethylsiloxane. A major advantage of silicone treatments is providing high water repellency while generally maintaining the fabric's original breathability, flexibility, and color. They are versatile, suitable for most canvas types: cotton, polyester, acrylic, and blends. Unlike film coatings, silicone treatments chemically bond without fully sealing the weave, allowing water vapor to escape. Application typically involves spraying evenly onto clean, dry fabric. My recommendation is often silicone for outdoor gear where breathability is needed, such as tent rain flies, outdoor furniture cushions, and boat covers. Achieving a water repellency rating comparable to AATCC 22 Spray Test results above 90 is common with proper application.

Acrylic-Based Treatments

Acrylic-based treatments contain acrylic polymers emulsified in water. They form a water-resistant coating on the fabric surface upon drying. This flexible layer repels water. The coating can sometimes reduce fabric breathability more than silicone treatments, though generally less than heavy waxes. Some acrylic formulations also incorporate UV inhibitors, offering good UV protection equivalent to UPF 30+ or higher. This makes them suitable for items with prolonged sun exposure like awnings, outdoor banners, or marine canvas. They adhere well to synthetic fabrics (polyester, acrylic) and can be used on blends and cotton. Application is usually via spraying or brushing. The resulting film provides a durable surface barrier.

Fluoropolymer-Based Treatments

Fluoropolymer-based treatments historically used chemicals like long-chain per- and polyfluoroalkyl substances (PFAS) to create surfaces with extremely low energy. This surface chemistry results in exceptional water and oil repellency, often exceeding other treatment types. They generally maintain fabric breathability well. However, environmental and health concerns surround certain PFAS chemicals (like PFOA, PFOS). Regulatory actions and industry shifts favor shorter-chain fluoropolymers or fluorine-free alternatives. While highly effective (achieving high spray ratings and resisting water under pressure), users should be aware of this context. Newer C6 or fluorine-free technologies aim to provide high performance with an improved environmental profile. When selecting, consider the specific chemistry if environmental impact is a main concern.

Factors Influencing Your Choice

Consider these points for canvas treatment selection: Canvas Type: Cotton absorbs wax well; synthetics often benefit from silicone or acrylic coatings. Water Resistance Level: Determine need: Waterproofing (resists water under pressure, e.g., hydrostatic head >1500mm for tent floors) or water repellency (sheds rain, spray rating >80). Waxes offer robust waterproofing; silicones provide excellent repellency. Breathability: Clothing or tents require breathability, favoring silicone or specific acrylics. Wax treatments impede breathability most. End Use: A backpack might use durable wax; a tent fly needs lightweight, breathable repellency (silicone); an awning benefits from UV resistance (acrylic). Environmental Impact: Look for PFAS-free or water-based formulations if this is a priority. Application Ease: Sprays (silicone/acrylic) are often easier for large areas than rub-on waxes requiring heat.

Step-by-Step Guide to Applying Canvas Treatments

Correct application is fundamental to realizing the full waterproofing potential of your chosen canvas treatment. Following these steps carefully produces effective, lasting results. Always consult the specific product manufacturer's instructions alongside this general guide.

Preparation: Cleaning and Drying the Canvas

Treatments require a pristine surface. Dirt, grime, oils, or old treatment residues interfere with adhesion and penetration, leading to uneven coverage or failure. 1. Clean Thoroughly: First, brush off loose dirt. Then, clean the canvas using water and a mild soap specifically designed for technical fabrics (e.g., Nikwax Tech Wash, Granger's Performance Wash). Avoid standard detergents; their residues can impair water repellency. 2. Rinse Meticulously: Remove all soap traces with clean water. Soap residue attracts water and hinders treatment bonding. 3. Dry Completely: Air dry the canvas fully. This step is necessary; applying treatment to damp fabric traps moisture and prevents proper bonding. Depending on canvas thickness and humidity, drying can take 24-72 hours. Confirm the item is bone dry before proceeding. From experience, allowing full air drying is paramount before application.

Application Methods

The method depends on the treatment type. Work in a well-ventilated area (outdoors is preferable for sprays) and protect surrounding surfaces. Spray-On Application: Common for silicone and many acrylics. Shake the product well. Hold the container upright, typically 15-30 cm (6-12 inches) from the fabric. Apply a light, even coat using overlapping passes for uniform coverage. Avoid soaking the fabric until it drips heavily. Some products require a second coat applied soon after the first (wet-on-wet) or after partial drying. Check product instructions. Brush-On/Rub-In Application: Typical for thicker liquids or paste/bar waxes. For liquids, use a clean brush for an even layer, working it gently into the weave. For wax bars (like Otter Wax Fabric Wax), rub the bar directly onto the canvas. For waxes on cotton, gentle heat (e.g., hairdryer on low) applied after rubbing helps the wax melt slightly and penetrate fibers more deeply. Work methodically in sections. Comparative Note: Spray application offers speed and potentially more even coverage on large, smooth areas. Brush/rub-on methods allow for more targeted application and potentially deeper penetration, particularly for waxes into heavy cotton weaves.

Curing and Drying Post-Application

Curing allows the waterproofing agents to set, bond with fibers, and achieve maximum effectiveness. This step is as important as the application. 1. Follow Instructions: Refer to manufacturer instructions for specific curing time. This period can range from just a few hours to 72 hours or more, based on product chemistry, temperature, and humidity. 2. Maintain Conditions: Keep the treated item dry and in a well-ventilated area during curing. Avoid direct sunlight for some treatments if specified. Hang items if possible for air circulation. Prevent treated surfaces from touching each other. 3. Test Effectiveness: Once cured, test by sprinkling water on the surface. Water should bead tightly and roll off. If water darkens the fabric or soaks in ('wetting out'), the treatment may need another light coat followed by the full curing period. I find that patience during curing directly translates to better field performance.

Troubleshooting Common Application Issues

Patchy Application: Usually caused by uneven spraying/brushing or a dirty/damp surface. Clean the affected area gently (if possible without stripping treatment) once cured, dry fully, and reapply lightly to the patchy spot, blending edges. Treatment Doesn't Bead Water: Reasons include insufficient application, incomplete curing, applying to dirty/damp fabric, or using an inappropriate treatment for the fabric type. Re-cleaning (if needed), drying thoroughly, and reapplying carefully, ensuring full curing, often resolves this. White Residue (Sprays): Sometimes occurs with over-application of certain sprays. Try wiping gently with a damp cloth after full curing. Prevent this by applying lighter coats.

Caring for Treated Canvas Fabric

Maintaining your treated canvas preserves its protective qualities and extends the fabric's lifespan. Proper fabric care involves routine cleaning, addressing problems promptly, timely reapplication, and correct storage.

Routine Cleaning

Regular cleaning prevents dirt from abrading fibers and compromising the waterproofing. Brush off loose dirt regularly with a soft brush. For light soiling, rinse with cool water. Spot clean soiled areas using a sponge or soft cloth with cool water. If needed, use a very mild soap or a specialized cleaner compatible with treated fabrics (e.g., Nikwax Tent & Gear SolarWash). Test cleaners on a hidden spot first. Avoid standard detergents, bleach, solvents, machine washing, or dry cleaning unless the treatment manufacturer explicitly approves it, as these actions strip most waterproofing finishes. Rinse thoroughly to remove all cleaning agent residues. Always air dry completely before storage or use.

Addressing Mildew and Stains

Mildew (mold) grows on canvas, especially cotton, in damp conditions. Address it immediately. Mildew Removal: Clean the area with a solution of 1 part white vinegar to 3 parts water, or use a commercial fabric mildew remover. Test first. Scrub gently with a soft brush. Rinse thoroughly. Dry completely, preferably in sunlight, as UV exposure helps inhibit remaining spores. Stain Removal: Treat stains quickly using appropriate removers compatible with the fabric and treatment. Test removers on an inconspicuous area. Rinse well after treatment.

Reapplication Schedule

Waterproofing treatments degrade over time due to abrasion, UV exposure, dirt, and cleaning. Reapplication restores protection. Frequency: Depends on use intensity and exposure. For seasonal gear (tents, boat covers), annual reapplication (before the season) is a good baseline. Heavily used items may need it more often. Some treatments maintain effectiveness for roughly 60-80 hours of direct, intense UV exposure before noticeable degradation. Indicators: Reapply when water stops beading well and starts soaking into the fabric surface ('wetting out'). A simple sprinkle test periodically reveals the treatment's status. Process: Always clean and dry the canvas thoroughly before reapplying any treatment, following the original application steps.

Proper Storage

Correct storage prevents damage. Condition: Store canvas items only when completely clean and bone dry. Storing damp canvas causes mildew. Location: Choose a cool, dry, dark, well-ventilated area. Avoid damp basements or sealed plastic containers. Method: Loosely fold or roll items. Avoid sharp creases in the same spots repeatedly. Protection: Protect from rodents or insects if stored in sheds or garages. Correct storage practices are necessary for maintaining both the canvas and its treatment.

Beyond Waterproofing: UV and Mildew Resistance

Many canvas treatments offer added benefits like UV protection and mildew resistance. These secondary protections enhance the fabric's durability and utility. UV Protection: Ultraviolet radiation degrades fabric fibers over time, causing weakening and fading. This affects items like awnings, boat covers, and tents. Certain treatments, especially some acrylic formulations and specialized products (e.g., 303 Fabric Guard), contain UV inhibitors. These act like sunscreen, absorbing or blocking UV rays, potentially offering protection equivalent to UPF 30 or higher. Selecting a treatment with added UV protection prolongs canvas life in sunny conditions. Mildew Resistance: Keeping canvas dry via waterproofing is the primary mildew defense. However, in persistent humidity, mildew remains a risk, particularly for cotton canvas. Some treatments incorporate mildewcides or fungicides to actively inhibit mold growth, providing defense beyond just water repellency. Check product details for explicit mention of these features.

Achieving Effective Canvas Fabric Protection

Effective canvas fabric protection, focused on waterproofing, involves matching the treatment (wax, silicone, acrylic) to the canvas type (cotton, synthetic, blend) and its intended use. Success requires careful preparation (thorough cleaning, complete drying), correct application (even coating, adherence to method), and allowing full curing time for the treatment to bond. Ongoing fabric care through gentle cleaning, timely reapplication based on performance, and proper dry storage maintains the protection and extends the item's functional life against environmental factors like rain, UV rays, and mildew.

Recommendation for Action

To protect your canvas items effectively, begin by identifying the specific type of canvas material. Based on that identification and the item's use (e.g., clothing, tent, awning, cover), select the most appropriate waterproofing treatment—considering factors like breathability and UV resistance. Commit to the full preparation, application, and curing process as detailed by the product manufacturer. Implement a routine of proper fabric care and reapplication to maximize the lifespan and performance of your canvas goods.

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